Curculigoside can prevent bone loss , improve osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis of hAFSCs, suggesting its potential use to regulate hAFSC osteogenic differentiation for treating bone disorders.

2-Methylglutaric acid is an organic acid normally found in human urine in healthy adults and children. It is a metabolite of succinic acid a citric acid cycle intermediate.

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide is a highly carcinogenic modeling compound that induces mutations in bacteria, fungi and animals by forming numerous purine adducts.